Vaccine Spotlight: Canine Distemper

Distemper is a virus that is typically vaccinated against starting as puppies. Many people know the puppy booster series as ‘distemper vaccines’. Since the vaccines are so wide spread it is uncommon to see a dog affected with distemper, however it is still extremely important to know what to look for as the symptoms are not very distinct.

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Puppies with their weaker immune systems are generally the most likely to be affected. However older dogs that have questionable vaccine histories or have high exposure risks can also contract this virus. Typically it is spread from coughing or contact with the discharge from another dog. The virus will attack any mucous membrane surface. Which can account for the variety of different clinical signs. There are phases to the disease that produce different symptoms.

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The first phase is mostly mild with some sneezing, nasal discharge, maybe a decreased appetite, and coughing. In severe cases the coughing can progress to pneumonia.

The next phase is more of GI issues which includes vomiting or diarrhea. It is possible that they will also develop a thickening of the pads. A long time ago distemper infections were called ‘hard pad disease’ due to this development (source).

The final phase is when the virus makes its way into the nervous system. These symptoms will include seizures, weakness, or wobbly walking.

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Being a virus, there is not a good, solid treatment regimen. Typically treatment is considered supportive care, which means ensuring that patients are adequately hydrated, and treated for any secondary infections. If seizures are occurring those need to be treated as well. Even if animals make it through the initial onset of symptoms, it is possible they will have lasting effects such as on going seizures, that may need to be managed.

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The good news is we do not seem to hear about distemper infections all to often anymore. This is because most people are aware about the vaccinations that can help prevent infections. Starting puppies on boosters at appropriate ages and following up with the regimen recommended by your vet is crucial to helping prevent this easily spread disease. It is also important if you adopt a dog with unknown vaccine history to go ahead and start vaccinations. Over-vaccinating in those cases is generally safer than under-vaccinating and them becoming potentially infected.

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For more information on Distemper you can visit the ASPCA website here or veterinary partner website listed above.